Saw Palmetto: Health Benefits, Side Effects, Uses, Dose & Precautions (2024)

Agbabiaka, T. B., Pittler, M. H., Wider, B., and Ernst, E. Serenoa repens (saw palmetto): a systematic review of adverse events. Drug Saf 2009;32(8):637-647. View abstract.

Al Shukri, S. H., Deschaseaux, P., Kuzmin, I. V., and Amdiy, R. R. Early urodynamic effects of the lipido-sterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon(R)) in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate Cancer Prostatic.Dis. 2000;3(3):195-199. View abstract.

Aliaev, IuG, Vinarov, A. Z., Lokshin, K. L., and Spivak, L. G. [Efficiency and safety of prostamol-Uno in patients with chronic abacterial prostatitis]. Urologiia. 2006;(1):47-50. View abstract.

Anceschi, R., Bisi, M., Ghidini, N., Ferrari, G., and Ferrari, P. Serenoa repens (Permixon(R)) reduces intra- and postoperative complications of surgical treatments of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Minerva Urol.Nefrol. 2010;62(3):219-223. View abstract.

Anonymous. Effectiveness of lipidosterol extract Serenoa repens (Permixon) in patients with prostatic hyperplasia. Urologiia. 2002;(1):23-25. View abstract.

Ashar, B. H., Rice, T. N., and Sisson, S. D. Medical residents' knowledge of dietary supplements. South.Med J 2008;101(10):996-1000. View abstract.

Authie D and Cauquil J. Appreciation de l'efficacite de permixon en pratique quotidienne. [Appreciation of the in practice daily effectiveness of permixon]. C R Ther Pharmacol Clin 1987;5(56):4-13.

Avins, A. L. and Bent, S. Saw palmetto and lower urinary tract symptoms: what is the latest evidence? Curr Urol Rep. 2006;7(4):260-265. View abstract.

Bach D and Ebeling L. Long-term drug treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia--results of a prospective 3-year multicenter study using Sabal extract IDS 89. Phytomed 1996;3:105-111.

Bauer, H. W., Casarosa, C., Cosci, M., Fratta, M., and Blessmann, G. [Saw palmetto fruit extract for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Results of a placebo-controlled double-blind study]. MMW.Fortschr.Med 6-24-1999;141(25):62. View abstract.

Bayne C, Donnelly F, Ross M, and et al. Serenoa repens (Permixon): a 5 alpha-reductase types I and II inhibitor-new evidence in a coculture model of BPH. Prostate 1999;40(4):232-241.

Bertaccini, A., Giampaoli, M., Cividini, R., Gattoni, G. L., Sanseverino, R., Realfonso, T., Napodano, G., Fandella, A., Guidoni, E., Prezioso, D., Galasso, R., Cicalese, C., Scattoni, V., Armenio, A., Conti, G., Corinti, M., Spasciani, R., Liguori, G., Lampropoulou, N., and Martorana, G. Observational database serenoa repens (DOSSER): overview, analysis and results. A multicentric SIUrO (Italian Society of Oncological Urology) project. Arch.Ital.Urol.Androl 2012;84(3):117-122. View abstract.

Boccafoschi C and Annoscia S. Confronto fra estratto di Serenoa repens e placebo mediante prova clinica controllata in pazienti con adenomatosi prostatica. Urologia 1983;50(6):1257-1268.

Boccafoschi C, Annoscia S. Confronto fra estratto di Serenoa repens e placebo mediate prova clinica controllata in pazienti con adenomatosi prostatica. Urologia 1983;50:1257-1268.

Braeckman J, Bruhwyler J, Vandekerckhove K, and et al. Efficacy and safety of the extract of Serenoa repens in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: therapeutic equivalence between twice and once daily dosage forms. Phytother Res 1997;11:558-563.

Braeckman J, Denis L, de Leval J, and et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the plant extract Serenoa repens in the treatment of benign hyperplasia of the prostate. Eur J Clin Res 1997;9:247-259.

Braeckman J. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the plant extract Serenoa repens in the treatment of benign hyperplasia of the prostate. European Journal of Clinical Research. 1997;9:247-259.

Braeckman J. The extract of Serenoa repens in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a multicenter open study. Current Therapeutic Research 1994;55(7):776-785.

Breu, W., Hagenlocher, M., Redl, K., Tittel, G., Stadler, F., and Wagner, H. [Anti-inflammatory activity of sabal fruit extracts prepared with supercritical carbon dioxide. In vitro antagonists of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase metabolism]. Arzneimittelforschung 1992;42(4):547-551. View abstract.

Breza, J., Kliment, J., Valansky, L., and et al. Prostamol Uno (Alcohol extract of the fruits of

Briley M, Carilla E, and Fauran F. Permixon, a new treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia, acts directly at the cytosolic androgen receptor in the rat prostate. Br J Pharmacol 1983;79:327P.

Buck, A. C. Phytotherapy for the prostate. Br J Urol 1996;78(3):325-336. View abstract.

Cai, T., Mazzoli, S., Bechi, A., Addonisio, P., Mondaini, N., Pagliai, R. C., and Bartoletti, R. Serenoa repens associated with Urtica dioica (ProstaMEV) and curcumin and quercitin (FlogMEV) extracts are able to improve the efficacy of prulifloxacin in bacterial prostatitis patients: results from a prospective randomised study. Int.J Antimicrob.Agents 2009;33(6):549-553. View abstract.

Carballido, J., Ruiz-Cerda, J. L., Unda, M., Baena, V., Campoy, P., Manasanch, J., and Slof, J. [Economic evaluation of medical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in the specialised care setting in Spain. Application to the cost-effectiveness of two drugs frequently used in its treatment]. Actas Urol.Esp. 2008;32(9):916-925. View abstract.

Carreras JO. Novel treatment with a hexane extract of Serenoa repens in the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy. Archiv Esp de Urolog 1987;40:310-313.

Casarosa, C., Cosci, di Coscio, and Fratta, M. Lack of effects of a lyposterolic extract of Serenoa repens on plasma levels of testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone. Clin Ther 1988;10(5):585-588. View abstract.

Casner, P. R. Saw palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl.J Med 5-4-2006;354(18):1950-1951. View abstract.

Champault, G., Bonnard, A. M., Cauquil, J., and Patel, J. C. [Medical treatment of prostatic adenoma. Controlled trial: PA 109 vs placebo in 110 patients]. Ann Urol (Paris) 1984;18(6):407-410. View abstract.

Chan, J. M., Elkin, E. P., Silva, S. J., Broering, J. M., Latini, D. M., and Carroll, P. R. Total and specific complementary and alternative medicine use in a large cohort of men with prostate cancer. Urology 2005;66(6):1223-1228. View abstract.

Cirillo-Marucco E, Pagliarulo A, Tritto G, and et al. L'estratto di Serenoa repens (Permixon) nel trattamento precoce dell'ipertrofia prostatica . Urologia 1983;50(6):1269-1277.

Comar OB and Di Rienzo A. Mepartricina versus Serenoa repens: studio sperimentale doppio cieco su 20 casi di iperplasia prostatica benigna. Riv Ital Biol Med 1986;6(2):122-125.

Cukier J, Ducassou J Le Guillou M Leriche A Lobel B Toubol J. [Permixon versus placebo; resultats d'une étude multicentrique]. Comptes Rendus deTherapeutique et de Pharmacologie Clinique. 1985;4:15-21.

Cukier J, Ducassou J, Le Guillou M, and et al. Permixon versus placebo; resultats d'une etude multicentrique. C R Ther Pharmacol Clin 1985;4(25):15-21.

De Bernardi VM, Tripodi AS, Contos S, and et al. Serenoa repens capsules: a bioequivalence study. ACTA TOXICOL THER 1994;15(1):21-39.

Debruyne, F., Boyle, P., Calais, da Silva, Gillenwater, J. G., Hamdy, F. C., Perrin, P., Teillac, P., Vela-Navarrete, R., Raynaud, J. P., and Schulman, C. [Evaluation of the clinical benefit of Permixon and tamsulosin in severe BPH patients--PERMAL study subset analysis]. Prog.Urol. 2004;14(3):326-331. View abstract.

Debruyne, F., Koch, G., Boyle, P., Da Silva, F. C., Gillenwater, J. G., Hamdy, F. C., Perrin, P., Teillac, P., Vela-Navarrete, R., and Raynaud, J. P. [Comparison of a phytotherapeutic agent (Permixon) with an alpha-blocker (Tamsulosin) in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a 1-year randomized international study]. Prog.Urol. 2002;12(3):384-392. View abstract.

Dedhia, R. C. and McVary, K. T. Phytotherapy for lower urinary tract symptoms secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia. J.Urol. 2008;179(6):2119-2125. View abstract.

Descotes J, Rambeaud J, Deschaseaux P, and et al. Placebo-controlled evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of Permixon in benign prostatic hyperplasia after exclusion of placebo responders. Clin Drug Invest 1995;9(5):291-297.

Descotes JL, Rambeaud JJ Deschaseaux P Faure G. Placebo controlled evaluation of the efficacy and tolerability of Permixon in benign prostatic hyperplasia after the exclusion of placebo responders. Clinical Drug Investigation. 1995;5:291-297.

Di Silverio F, Monti S, Sciarra A, and et al. Effects of long-term treatment with Serenoa repens (Permixon) on the concentrations and regional distribution of androgens and epidermal growth factor in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Prostate 1998;37(2):77-83.

Di Silverio F, Sciarra A, D'Eramo G, and et al. Zonal distribution of androgens and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in human BPH tissue: responsiveness to flutamide, finasteride, and Serenoa repens administration. Brit J Urol 1997;80(Suppl 2):214.

Dimitrakov, J. D. Saw palmetto for benign prostatic hyperplasia. N Engl.J Med 5-4-2006;354(18):1950-1951. View abstract.

Djavan, B., Fong, Y. K., Chaudry, A., Reissigl, A., Anagnostou, T., Bagheri, F., Waldert, M., Fajkovic, H., Marihart, S., Harik, M., Spaller, S., and Remzi, M. Progression delay in men with mild symptoms of bladder outlet obstruction: a comparative study of phytotherapy and watchful waiting. World J Urol. 2005;23(4):253-256. View abstract.

Elghamry, M. I. and Hansel, R. Activity and isolated phytoestrogen of shrub palmetto fruits (Serenoa repens Small), a new estrogenic plant. Experientia 8-15-1969;25(8):828-829. View abstract.

Emili E, Lo Cigno M Petrone U. [Risultati clinici su un nuovo farmaco nella terapia dell'ipertofia della prostata (Permixon)]. Urologia. 1983;50:1042-1048.

Emili E, Lo Cigno M, and Petrone U. Risultati clinici su un nuovo farmaco nella terapia dell'ipertrofia della prostata (Permixon). Urologia 1983;50(5):1042-1048.

Engelmann, U., Walther, C., Bondarenko, B., Funk, P., and Schlafke, S. Efficacy and safety of a combination of sabal and urtica extract in lower urinary tract symptoms. A randomized, double-blind study versus tamsulosin. Arzneimittelforschung. 2006;56(3):222-229. View abstract.

Epstein J, Partin A, Simon I, and et al. Prostate tissue effects of saw palmetto extract in men with symptomatic BPH. J Urol 1999;161(4S):362.

Flamm, J., Kiesswetter, H., and Englisch, M. [An urodynamic study of patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy treated conservatively with phytotherapy or testosterone (author's transl)]. Wien.Klin.Wochenschr. 9-28-1979;91(18):622-627. View abstract.

Foroutan F. Wirksamkeit und vertraglichkeit von permixon bei einem grosseren patientenkollektiv (592 patienten) unter praxisbedingungen. J Urol Urogynakol 1997;2:17-21.

Gabric V and Miskic H. Behandlung des benignen Prostataadenoms und der chronischen Prostatitis. Placebokontrollierte randomisierte doppelblindstudie mit Prostagutt. Therapiewoche 1987;37:1775-1788.

Gabric V, Miskic H. [Behandlung des benignen prostata-adenoms und der chronischen prostatatitis]. Therapiewoche. 1987;37:1775-1788.

Gerber, G. S., Kuznetsov, D., Johnson, B. C., and Burstein, J. D. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of saw palmetto in men with lower urinary tract symptoms. Urology 2001;58(6):960-964. View abstract.

Giannakopoulos, X., Baltogiannis, D., Giannakis, D., Tasos, A., Sofikitis, N., Charalabopoulos, K., and Evangelou, A. The lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: a comparison of two dosage regimens. Adv.Ther 2002;19(6):285-296. View abstract.

Giulianelli, R., Pecoraro, S., Sepe, G., Leonardi, R., Gentile, B. C., Albanesi, L., Brunori, S., Mavilla, L., Pisanti, F., Giannella, R., Morello, P., Tuzzolo, D., Coscione, M., Galasso, F., D'Angelo, T., Ferravante, P., Morelli, E., and Miragliuolo, A. Multicentre study on the efficacy and tolerability of an extract of Serenoa repens in patients with chronic benign prostate conditions associated with inflammation. Arch.Ital.Urol.Androl 2012;84(2):94-98. View abstract.

Glemain, C. Coulange F. N. Grapin et al. No benefit in combining tamsulosin with Serenoa repens versus tamsulosin alone on storage/filling and voiding lower urinary tract symptoms. J Urol, 2002;167 (suppl 4)(Abstract 1486):374.

Glemain, P., Coulange, C., Billebaud, T., Gattegno, B., Muszynski, R., and Loeb, G. [Tamsulosin with or without Serenoa repens in benign prostatic hyperplasia: the OCOS trial]. Prog.Urol. 2002;12(3):395-403. View abstract.

Goepel, M., Dinh, L., Mitchell, A., Schafers, R. F., Rubben, H., and Michel, M. C. Do saw palmetto extracts block human alpha1-adrenoceptor subtypes in vivo? Prostate 2-15-2001;46(3):226-232. View abstract.

Greca P and Volip R. Experience with a new drug in the medical treatment of prostatic adenoma. Urologia 1985;52:532-535.

Groom, S. N., Johns, T., and Oldfield, P. R. The potency of immunomodulatory herbs may be primarily dependent upon macrophage activation. J Med Food 2007;10(1):73-79. View abstract.

Hanaka, M., Yoshii, C., Yatera, K., Ito, C., Chojin, Y., Nagata, S., Yamasaki, K., Nishida, C., Kawanami, T., Kawanami, Y., Ishimoto, H., and Mukae, H. [A case of rhabdomyolysis caused by saw palmetto of healthy foods]. J.UOEH. 6-1-2012;34(2):193-199. View abstract.

Hiermann, A. [The contents of sabal fruits and testing of their anti-inflammatory effect]. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 1989;322(2):111-114. View abstract.

Hizli, F. and Uygur, M. C. A prospective study of the efficacy of Serenoa repens, tamsulosin, and Serenoa repens plus tamsulosin treatment for patients with benign prostate hyperplasia. Int.Urol.Nephrol. 2007;39(3):879-886. View abstract.

Hostanska, K., Suter, A., Melzer, J., and Saller, R. Evaluation of cell death caused by an ethanolic extract of Serenoae repentis fructus (Prostasan) on human carcinoma cell lines. Anticancer Res 2007;27(2):873-881. View abstract.

Hutchison, A., Farmer, R., Verhamme, K., Berges, R., and Navarrete, R. V. The efficacy of drugs for the treatment of LUTS/BPH, a study in 6 European countries. Eur Urol 2007;51(1):207-215. View abstract.

Iehle, C., Delos, S., Guirou, O., Tate, R., Raynaud, J. P., and Martin, P. M. Human prostatic steroid 5 alpha-reductase isoforms--a comparative study of selective inhibitors. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 1995;54(5-6):273-279. View abstract.

Iguchi, K., Okumura, N., Usui, S., Sajiki, H., Hirota, K., and Hirano, K. Myristoleic acid, a cytotoxic component in the extract from Serenoa repens, induces apoptosis and necrosis in human prostatic LNCaP cells. Prostate 2001;47(1):59-65. View abstract.

Ishii, K., Usui, S., Sugimura, Y., Yamamoto, H., Yoshikawa, K., and Hiran, K. Extract from Serenoa repens suppresses the invasion activity of human urological cancer cells by inhibiting urokinase-type plasminogen activator. Biol Pharm Bull 2001;24(2):188-190. View abstract.

Izzo, A. A. and Ernst, E. Interactions between herbal medicines and prescribed drugs: an updated systematic review. Drugs 2009;69(13):1777-1798. View abstract.

Kondas, J., Philipp, V., and Dioszeghy, G. Sabal serrulata extract (Strogen forte) in the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Int Urol.Nephrol. 1996;28(6):767-772. View abstract.

Kul'chavenia, E. V., Breusov, A. A., Brizhatiuk, E. V., and Kholtobin, D. P. [Approaches to raising efficacy of treatment of patients with chronic prostatitis associated with intracellular infections]. Urologiia. 2010;(6):55-58. View abstract.

Lapi, F., Gallo, E., Giocaliere, E., Vietri, M., Baronti, R., Pieraccini, G., Tafi, A., Menniti-Ippolito, F., Mugelli, A., Firenzuoli, F., and Vannacci, A. Acute liver damage due to Serenoa repens: a case report. Br.J.Clin.Pharmacol. 2010;69(5):558-560. View abstract.

Lee, J. Y., Foster, H. E., Jr., McVary, K. T., Meleth, S., Stavris, K., Downey, J., and Kusek, J. W. Recruitment of participants to a clinical trial of botanical therapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia. J.Altern.Complement Med. 2011;17(5):469-472. View abstract.

Lobelenz J. [Extractum Sabal fructus bei benigner prostatahyperplasie (BPH). klinische prufung im stadium I und II]. Therapeutikon. 1992;6(1-2):34-37.

Löbelenz J. Extractum Sabal fructus bei benigner Prostatahyperplasie (BPH): Klinische Prüfung im Stadium I und II. Therapeutikon 1992;6(1-2):34, 37.

Lopatkin, N. A., Sivkov, A. V., Medvedev, A. A., Walter, K., Schlefke, S., Avdeichuk, IuI, Golubev, G. V., Mel'nik, K. P., Elenberger, N. A., and Engelman, U. [Combined extract of Sabal palm and nettle in the treatment of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms in double blind, placebo-controlled trial]. Urologiia. 2006;(2):12, 14-12, 19. View abstract.

MacDonald, R., Tacklind, J. W., Rutks, I., and Wilt, T. J. Serenoa repens monotherapy for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH): an updated Cochrane systematic review. BJU.Int. 2012;109(12):1756-1761. View abstract.

MacLaughlin, B. W., Gutsmuths, B., Pretner, E., Jonas, W. B., Ives, J., Kulawardane, D. V., and Amri, H. Effects of homeopathic preparations on human prostate cancer growth in cellular and animal models. Integr.Cancer Ther 2006;5(4):362-372. View abstract.

Magri, V., Trinchieri, A., Montanari, E., Del Nero, A., Mangiarotti, B., Zirpoli, P., de Eguileor, M., Marras, E., Ceriani, I., Vral, A., and Perletti, G. Reduction of PSA values by combination pharmacological therapy in patients with chronic prostatitis: implications for prostate cancer detection. Arch Ital Urol Androl 2007;79(2):84-92. View abstract.

Magri, V., Trinchieri, A., Perletti, G., and Marras, E. Activity of Serenoa repens, lycopene and selenium on prostatic disease: evidences and hypotheses. Arch.Ital.Urol.Androl 2008;80(2):65-78. View abstract.

Magri, V., Trinchieri, A., Pozzi, G., Restelli, A., Garlaschi, M. C., Torresani, E., Zirpoli, P., Marras, E., and Perletti, G. Efficacy of repeated cycles of combination therapy for the eradication of infecting organisms in chronic bacterial prostatitis. Int J Antimicrob.Agents 2007;29(5):549-556. View abstract.

Mandressi A, Tarallo U, Maggioni A, and et al. Terapia medica dell'adenoma prostatico: confronto della efficacia del'estratto di serenoa repens (Permixon) versus l'estratto di pigeum africanum e placebo. Valutazione in doppio cieco. Urologia 1983;50(4):752-757.

Mandressi A. Treatment of uncomplicated benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) by an extract of Serenoa repens: clinical results. J Endocrinol Invest 1987;10 (suppl 2):49.

Mandressi S, Tarallo U Maggioni A Tombolini P Rocco F Quadraccia. Medical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia: efficacy of the extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) compared to that of the extract of Pygeum africanum and a placebo. Urologia. 1983;50(4):752-758.

Mantovani, F. Serenoa repens in benign prostatic hypertrophy: analysis of 2 Italian studies. Minerva Urol.Nefrol. 2010;62(4):335-340. View abstract.

Marks, L. S., Hess, D. L., Dorey, F. J., Luz, Macairan M., Cruz Santos, P. B., and Tyler, V. E. Tissue effects of saw palmetto and finasteride: use of biopsy cores for in situ quantification of prostatic androgens. Urology 2001;57(5):999-1005. View abstract.

Mattei FM, Capone M Acconcia A. [Medikamentose therapie der benignen prostatahyperplasie mit einem extrakt der sagepalme]. TW Urologie Nephrologie. 1990;2:346-350.

Mattei FM, Capone M, and Acconcia A. Medikamentose therapie der benignen prostatahyperplasie mit einem extrakt der sagepalme. TW Urol Nephrol 1990;2(5):346-350.

Medvedev, A. A., Siniakova, L. A., and Zaitsev, A. V. [Prostaplant treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia]. Urologiia 2000;(4):13-15. View abstract.

Metzker H, Kieser M Holscher U. [Wirksamkeit eines Sabal-Urtica-kombinationspraparates bei der behandlung der benignen prostatahyperplasie (BPH)]. Der Urologe B. 1996;36(4):292-300.

Metzker H, Kieser M, and Hölscher U. Wirksamkeit eines Sabal-Urtica-kombinationspraparates bei der behandlung der benignen prostatahyperplasie (BPH). Urologe 1996;36(4):292-300.

Miroddi, M., Carni, A., Mannucci, C., Moleti, M., Navarra, M., and Calapai, G. Hot flashes in a young girl: a wake-up call concerning Serenoa repens use in children. Pediatrics 2012;130(5):e1374-e1376. View abstract.

Mitropoulos D, Kiroudi A, Mitsogiannis I, and et al. In vivo effect of the lipido-sterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) on mast cells accumulation and glandular epithelium trophism in the rat prostate. J Urol 1999;161(4S):362.

Mohanty NK, Jha RJ, and Dutt C. Randomized double-blind controlled clinical trial of Serenoa repens versus placebo in the management of patients with symptomatic grade I to grade II benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Indian J Urol 1999;16(1):26-31.

Morganti P, Fabrizi G, James B, and et al. Effect of gelatin-cystine and Serenoa repens extract on free radicals level and hair growth. J Appl Cosmetol 1998;16:57-64.

Morgia, G., Mucciardi, G., Gali, A., Madonia, M., Marchese, F., Di, Benedetto A., Romano, G., Bonvissuto, G., Castelli, T., Macchione, L., and Magno, C. Treatment of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome category IIIA with Serenoa repens plus selenium and lycopene (Profluss) versus S. repens alone: an Italian randomized multicenter-controlled study. Urol.Int. 2010;84(4):400-406. View abstract.

Neff, K. D., Sandoval, H. P., Fernandez de Castro, L. E., Nowacki, A. S., Vroman, D. T., and Solomon, K. D. Factors associated with intraoperative floppy iris syndrome. Ophthalmology 2009;116(4):658-663. View abstract.

Pannunzio E, D'Ascenzo R, Giardinetti F, and et al. Serenoa repens vs. gestonorone caproato nel trattamento dell'ipertrofia prostatica benigna. Studio randomizzato. Urologia 1986;53(5):696-705.

Paoletti PP, Francalanci R, Tenti S, and et al. Medical treatment of prostatic hypertrophy. Experience with Serenoa repens extract. Urologia 1986;53:182-187.

Paubert-Braquet M, Raynaud JP, and Braquet PG. Permixon [lipid sterolic extract of

Paubert-Braquet, M., Cousse, H., Raynaud, J. P., Mencia-Huerta, J. M., and Braquet, P. Effect of the lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) and its major components on basic fibroblast growth factor-induced proliferation of cultures of human prostate biopsies. Eur Urol 1998;33(3):340-347. View abstract.

Paubert-Braquet, M., Richardson, F. O., Servent-Saez, N., Gordon, W. C., Monge, M. C., Bazan, N. G., Authie, D., and Braquet, P. Effect of Serenoa repens extract (Permixon) on estradiol/testosterone- induced experimental prostate enlargement in the rat. Pharmacol Res 1996;34(3-4):171-179. View abstract.

Pavone, C., Abbadessa, D., Tarantino, M. L., Oxenius, I., Lagana, A., Lupo, A., and Rinella, M. [Associating Serenoa repens, Urtica dioica and Pinus pinaster. Safety and efficacy in the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms. Prospective study on 320 patients]. Urologia. 2010;77(1):43-51. View abstract.

Pecoraro, S., Annecchiarico, A., Gambardella, M. C., and Sepe, G. [Efficacy of pretreatment with Serenoa repens on bleeding associated with transurethral resection of prostate]. Minerva Urol.Nefrol. 2004;56(1):73-78. View abstract.

Plosker, G. L. and Brogden, R. N. Serenoa repens (Permixon). A review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Drugs Aging 1996;9(5):379-395. View abstract.

Pytel, Y. A., Vinarov, A., Lopatkin, N., Sivkov, A., Gorilovsky, L., and Raynaud, J. P. Long-term clinical and biologic effects of the lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens in patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. Adv.Ther 2002;19(6):297-306. View abstract.

Ravenna, L., Di Silverio, F., Russo, M. A., Salvatori, L., Morgante, E., Morrone, S., Cardillo, M. R., Russo, A., Frati, L., Gulino, A., and Petrangeli, E. Effects of the lipidosterolic extract of Serenoa repens (Permixon) on human prostatic cell lines. Prostate 1996;29(4):219-230. View abstract.

Redecker KD. [Sabal extract WS 1473 in benign prostatic hyperplasia]. Extracta Urologica 1998;21(3):23-25.

Reece Smith H, Memon A, Smart C, and et al. The value of Permixon in benign prostatic hypertrophy. Brit J Urol 1986;58(1):36-40.

Rhodes, L., Primka, R. L., Berman, C., Vergult, G., Gabriel, M., Pierre-Malice, M., and Gibelin, B. Comparison of finasteride (Proscar), a 5 alpha reductase inhibitor, and various commercial plant extracts in in vitro and in vivo 5 alpha reductase inhibition. Prostate 1993;22(1):43-51. View abstract.

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